Publication Ethics

This following statement clarifies ethical behavior of all parties involved in the act of publishing an article in this journal, including the author, the editor, the reviewer, and the publisher. This statement is based on Core Practices outlined by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing.

1. Duties of Editor

1.1. Publication Decisions

After reading the reviewers’ reports, the editor will decide whether the manuscript is accepted, rejected, or needs revision. This decision is mainly based on how valid the study is and how useful it will be for researchers and readers. Editors make their decisions according to the journal’s policies and must also follow existing laws, such as rules about defamation, copyright, and plagiarism. They may consult with other editors or reviewers before making a final decision. Editors are responsible for everything that is published in the journal. They must have clear rules and procedures to make sure the published articles are of good quality and that the journal’s academic record remains trustworthy.

1.2. Review of Manuscripts

The editor must first check every manuscript to make sure it is original. The editor is also responsible for managing the peer review process in a fair and proper way. Editors should clearly describe how peer review works in the author guidelines and explain which sections of the journal are reviewed by peers. When choosing reviewers, editors must select people who have the right expertise for the topic and avoid anyone who has a conflict of interest with the paper.

1.3. Fair Play

Editors must judge every manuscript based only on its academic quality and ideas. They must not be influenced by the author’s gender, sex, race, religion, nationality, or any other personal background. To make fair decisions, editors must protect their independence and act with honesty and integrity. Because editors have strong influence over what gets published, it is essential that their decisions are made in a neutral and unbiased way.

1.4. Confidentiality

Editors must keep all information about submitted manuscripts private. They must carefully check and prevent any misuse or leakage of personal data and confidential information, especially when the study involves patients. This means authors must have proper informed consent for the research itself and, when necessary, separate consent for publishing the data or results. Editors are responsible for making sure these rules are followed.

1.5. Disclosure and Conflicts of Interest

Editors must not use any unpublished information from a submitted manuscript for their own research unless they have written permission from the author. Editors must also stay out of the decision-making process if they have any personal or professional conflict of interest with the manuscript. If a manuscript is submitted by an editor of the journal, it will be reviewed outside the normal editorial system to ensure the review process remains fair, independent, and free from bias. The manuscript will be handled in a very strict and transparent way. Another independent editor should manage the peer review instead of the author-editor, to reduce possible bias.

2. Duties of Reviewers

2.1. Confidentiality

All information about manuscripts submitted by authors must be kept private and treated as confidential. It should not be shared with or discussed with anyone else unless the editor gives clear permission.

2.2. Acknowledgement of Sources

Reviewers must check that authors properly credit all data sources used in the study. They should point out important previous studies that the authors did not cite. If an idea, result, or argument has already been published before, the reviewer should make sure a correct reference is included. Reviewers must inform the journal right away if they find any problems, such as ethical concerns, strong similarity with another paper, or signs of possible misconduct in the research or writing process. However, reviewers must keep these concerns private and must not investigate the issue on their own unless the journal asks them to do so.

2.3. Standards of Objectivity

Reviewers must evaluate manuscripts in a fair and objective way. They should clearly explain their opinions and support them with logical reasons. Reviewers must follow the journal’s instructions about what kind of feedback they should give, unless there is a strong reason not to. Reviews should be helpful and constructive, with comments that guide authors on how to improve their paper. Reviewers should also clearly state which suggested extra experiments or analyses are necessary to support the paper’s main claims and which suggestions are only meant to improve or expand the study.

2.4. Disclosure and Conflict of Interest

Any confidential information or ideas learned during peer review must be kept private and must not be used for personal benefit. Reviewers must not review a manuscript if they have a conflict of interest because of competition, collaboration, or any personal or professional relationship with the authors, companies, or institutions related to the paper. If reviewers think they know who the author is and this could create a conflict of interest, they must inform the journal immediately.

2.5. Promptness

Reviewers should complete their reviews within a reasonable time. They should only accept a review request if they believe they can finish it by the agreed deadline. If they need more time, they must inform the journal as soon as possible. If a reviewer realizes that they cannot finish the review within the given time, they must tell the editor immediately so the manuscript can be assigned to another reviewer.

3. Duties of Authors

3.1. Reporting Standards

Authors must report their research truthfully and clearly, and explain its importance in an objective way. Research results must be presented honestly, without making up data, changing data improperly, or hiding important findings. A manuscript should include enough detail and references so that other researchers can repeat the study if needed. Any false or intentionally misleading statements are considered unethical and will not be accepted. Authors must also make sure their manuscript follows all submission rules and guidelines of the journal.

3.2. Originality and Plagiarism

Authors must make sure that their paper is completely original. The manuscript must not be sent to more than one journal at the same time, unless the editors have clearly agreed to publish it together. All relevant earlier studies must be properly recognized and cited, including the authors’ own previous work and the work of other researchers. Whenever possible, original research articles should be used as references. If authors use the exact words from another publication, those words must be placed in quotation marks and followed by the correct citation.

3.4. Multiple, Redundant, or Concurrent Publications

Authors should not send the same manuscript to more than one journal at the same time. They should also avoid publishing more than one paper that reports the same study or very similar results in different journals. Submitting the same paper to multiple journals at once is considered unethical and is not allowed. If several articles come from one research project, this must be clearly stated, and the main or first publication must be properly cited.

3.5. Acknowledgement of Sources

Authors must clearly mention all data sources used in their research and cite any studies that influenced their work. The contributions of other researchers must always be properly recognized and referenced.

3.6. Authorship of the Paper

The list of authors must correctly show who really contributed to the research and the writing of the paper. Only people who made a major contribution to the idea, design, data collection, or interpretation of the study should be named as authors. Anyone who helped in a smaller or technical way should not be listed as an author but should be mentioned in the acknowledgements section. All authors must have read and approved the final version of the manuscript and must agree to have their names included as co-authors.

3.7. Disclosure and Conflicts of Interest

All authors must openly state in their manuscript any financial or other important conflicts of interest that could affect the results or how the findings are interpreted. They must also clearly report all sources of funding or financial support for the study.

3.8. Fundamental Errors in Published Works

If authors find a serious mistake or incorrect information in their submitted paper, they must inform the journal editor or publisher as soon as possible and work together with them to correct or withdraw the paper.

3.9. Hazards and Human or Animal Subjects

Authors must clearly state in the manuscript if their study uses any chemicals, methods, or equipment that involve special or unusual risks.