Manajemen Risiko dan Protokol Keselamatan dalam Acara Trail Running: Tinjauan Literatur dan Analisis Kontekstual Indonesia

Abstract

Abstract : Trail running participation has grown rapidly since the COVID 19 pandemic, yet this growth has not been matched by adequate risk management systems, as shown by a sharp rise in fatalities in Indonesia in 2025. This study aims to identify risk factors, implementation gaps, and evidence based safety recommendations in trail running and ultra trail marathon events from a sports management perspective. A literature review was conducted across the Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases (2020 to 2026), yielding nine peer reviewed articles analyzed: this was complemented by contextual mortality data from Indonesia (2017 to 2026) obtained from news documentation. The findings indicate that risk in trail running is multidimensional, arising from the interaction of individual health factors, environmental conditions, and event organizational quality. Cardiovascular events were the leading cause of death (58 percent of cases), while musculoskeletal injuries accounted for most non fatal incidents. Critical implementation gaps were identified: only 33 percent of organizers require physician led medical evaluations, and education on nutrition (5 to 6 percent) and hydration (13 percent) remains severely lacking despite the high prevalence of Exercise Associated Hyponatremia (EAH, 9.44 percent) and Acute Kidney Injury (AKI, 42.04 percent). This study concludes that a paradigm shift is needed from a reactive legalistic approach toward a preventive, systemic, and evidence based model. A structured framework of recommendations is proposed for three stakeholder groups runners, organizers, and sports associations while acknowledging that this framework represents an initial evidence based synthesis rather than a validated national standard

Abstrak : Partisipasi dalam trail running tumbuh pesat pascapandemi COVID-19, namun pertumbuhan ini belum diimbangi sistem manajemen risiko yang memadai, sebagaimana ditunjukkan oleh lonjakan angka kematian di Indonesia pada tahun 2025. Studi ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi faktor risiko, kesenjangan implementasi, dan rekomendasi keselamatan berbasis bukti dalam acara trail running dan ultra trail marathon dari perspektif manajemen olahraga. Tinjauan literatur dilakukan pada basis data Scopus, PubMed, dan Google Scholar (2020 sampai 2026), menghasilkan sembilan artikel yang dianalisis, dilengkapi dengan data kontekstual kematian dari Indonesia (2017 sampai 2026) yang bersumber dari dokumentasi berita. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa risiko dalam trail running bersifat multidimensional, berasal dari interaksi faktor kesehatan individu, kondisi lingkungan, dan kualitas organisasi acara. Kejadian kardiovaskular merupakan penyebab utama kematian (58 persen kasus), sementara cedera muskuloskeletal menyumbang sebagian besar insiden non-fatal. Kesenjangan implementasi kritis teridentifikasi: hanya 33 percent penyelenggara mewajibkan evaluasi medis oleh dokter, dan edukasi nutrisi (5 sampai 6 persen) serta hidrasi (13 persen) masih sangat kurang meski prevalensi EAH (9,44 persen) dan AKI (42,04 persent) tinggi. Studi ini menyimpulkan perlunya pergeseran paradigma dari pendekatan reaktif legalistik menuju model preventif, sistemik, dan berbasis bukti. Kerangka rekomendasi terstruktur diusulkan untuk tiga pemangku kepentingan yaitu pelari, penyelenggara, dan asosiasi dengan catatan bahwa kerangka ini merupakan sintesis awal berbasis bukti, bukan standar nasional yang telah tervalidasi.