Hubungan Parameter Fisiologis Kardiovaskular dan VO₂Max serta Respons Akut terhadap Uji Latihan Bertingkat pada Mahasiswa UKM Olahraga

Ali Multazam; Anita Faradilla Rahim; Nurul Aini Rahmawati; Nikmatul Maghfira; Nadya Nida Ahsani; Aulia Rahmadhani Oktavinati; Fadilla Balqis; Dhiya Ananda Yahma

Authors

Ali Multazam Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
Anita Faradilla Rahim Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
Nurul Aini Rahmawati Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
Nikmatul Maghfira Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
Nadya Nida Ahsani Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
Aulia Rahmadhani Oktavinati Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
Fadilla Balqis Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
Dhiya Ananda Yahma Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

Keywords:

cardiovascular response, heart rate, blood pressure, VO2max, graded exercise test

Abstract

Abstract : Regular participation in structured sports training is commonly assumed to optimize cardiovascular fitness, yet the physiological parameters underlying this adaptation are frequently examined in isolation rather than as an integrated response. This study aimed to analyze the acute physiological response and the interrelationship among cardiovascular parameters systolic blood pressure, heart rate, hemoglobin concentration, and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) during a graded treadmill exercise test. An observational analytic study with a repeated-measures design was conducted on 80 active members of university sports clubs at Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, selected through purposive sampling. Physiological parameters were measured at baseline, at peak exertion (Bruce protocol stage 7), and across a ten-minute recovery period using treadmill ergometry, a hemoglobinometer, and a heart-rate or blood pressure monitor: VO2max was estimated from treadmill performance rather than measured directly with a metabolic gas analyzer. Data were analyzed using paired t tests, Spearman rank correlation, and simple linear regression. Results showed significant increases in systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and hemoglobin concentration after exercise (p smaller 0.01). Estimated VO2max correlated moderately with systolic blood pressure and weakly with hemoglobin, while heart rate showed no significant association with VO2max. Systolic blood pressure showed a statistically significant but weak explanatory contribution to VO2max, accounting for 7.0percent of its variance. These findings support an integrated, evidence based approach to designing individualized physical training programs for university student-athletes.

Abstrak : Keikutsertaan dalam latihan olahraga yang terstruktur secara umum diyakini dapat mengoptimalkan kebugaran kardiovaskular, namun parameter fisiologis yang mendasari adaptasi tersebut sering dikaji secara terpisah, bukan sebagai satu respons yang terintegrasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis respons fisiologis akut serta hubungan antarparameter kardiovaskular tekanan darah sistolik, denyut jantung, kadar hemoglobin, dan konsumsi oksigen maksimal (VO2max) selama uji latihan treadmill bertingkat. Penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain repeated-measures (pengukuran berulang) ini melibatkan 80 mahasiswa aktif anggota unit kegiatan mahasiswa olahraga Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang yang dipilih melalui purposive sampling. Parameter fisiologis diukur pada kondisi awal (baseline), puncak latihan (stage 7 protokol Bruce), dan sepanjang periode pemulihan sepuluh menit menggunakan treadmill, hemoglobinometer, serta monitor denyut jantung dan tekanan darah: VO2max diestimasi dari hasil uji treadmill, bukan diukur langsung menggunakan metabolic gas analyzer. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji t berpasangan, korelasi Rank Spearman, dan regresi linear sederhana. Hasil menunjukkan peningkatan bermakna pada tekanan darah sistolik, denyut jantung, dan kadar hemoglobin setelah latihan (p lebih kecil dari 0,01). VO2max estimasi berkorelasi sedang dengan tekanan darah sistolik dan lemah dengan hemoglobin, sementara denyut jantung tidak menunjukkan hubungan bermakna dengan VO2max. Tekanan darah sistolik menunjukkan kontribusi penjelas yang signifikan secara statistik namun lemah terhadap VO2max, menjelaskan 7,0 percent variansinya. Temuan ini mendukung pentingnya pendekatan terintegrasi dan berbasis bukti dalam merancang program latihan fisik individual bagi mahasiswa atlet.

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