Analisis Determinan Kejadian Gizi Kurang (Wasting) di Indonesia: Bukti Empiris Data Survei Status Gizi Indonesia (SSGI) 2024
Keywords:
wasting, children under five, SSGI 2024, gizi kurang, balitaAbstract
Abstract : The prevalence of wasting (BMI/A) in toddlers in Indonesia based on the 2021 to 2024 SSGI shows a fluctuating trend with disparities between regions. This study aims to analyze the relationship (association) between maternal and toddler factors with wasting incidence using 2024 SSGI data. This study is an observational analytic with a cross sectional design on 300,143 toddlers aged 0 to 59 months. The dependent variable is wasting status (Z score 3 SD to greater than min 2 SD), while the independent variables include maternal factors (age, iron supplement consumption, participation in prenatal classes, anemia, KEK) and toddler factors (age, gender, IMD). The analysis used the chi square test (p less than 0.05) to identify initial relationships between categorical variables. The prevalence of wasting was 13.16 percent. Most mothers were aged 25 to 34 years and consumed iron supplement, but only 36.58 percent attended prenatal classes. There was a significant association between participation in prenatal classes and wasting (p less than 0.001), with a higher proportion of wasting in children of mothers who did not attend classes. These findings confirm that nutrition education during pregnancy plays a crucial role in reducing wasting and achieving SDG 2.2.
Abstrak : Prevalensi wasting (IMT/U) pada balita di Indonesia berdasarkan SSGI 2021 sampai 2024 menunjukkan tren fluktuatif dengan kesenjangan antarwilayah. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis hubungan (asosiasi) antara faktor ibu dan balita dengan kejadian wasting menggunakan data SSGI 2024. Studi ini merupakan observasional analitik dengan desain cross sectional pada 300.143 balita usia 0 sampai 59 bulan. Variabel dependen adalah status wasting (Z score 3 SD sampai lebih besar dari min 2 SD), sedangkan variabel independen meliputi faktor ibu (usia, konsumsi TTD, keikutsertaan kelas ibu hamil, anemia, KEK) dan faktor balita (usia, jenis kelamin, IMD). Analisis menggunakan uji chi square (p lebih kecil dari 0,05) untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan awal antarvariabel kategorik. Prevalensi wasting sebesar 13,16 persen. Sebagian besar ibu berada pada usia 25 sampai 34 tahun dan mengonsumsi TTD, namun hanya 36,58 persen mengikuti kelas ibu hamil. Terdapat hubungan signifikan antara keikutsertaan kelas ibu hamil dan wasting (p lebih kecil dari 0,001), dengan proporsi wasting lebih tinggi pada anak dari ibu yang tidak mengikuti kelas. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa edukasi gizi selama kehamilan berperan penting dalam upaya penurunan wasting dan pencapaian SDG 2.2.
References
Abdulla, F., Rahman, A., & Hossain, M. M. (2023). Prevalence and risk predictors of childhood stunting in Bangladesh. PLoS ONE, 18(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279901.
Amin R, Akter T, Ferdous R, Akter R, Shahriar MM, Islam MA. Joint modelling of anthropometric child undernutrition indicators to identify their risk factors in Bangladesh: evidence from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2019. BMJ Open. 15(7), 1-9. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-092536.
Amir-Ud-Din, R., Fawad, S., Naz, L., Zafar, S., Kumar, R., & Pongpanich, S. (2022). Nutritional inequalities among under-five children: a geospatial analysis of hotspots and cold spots in 73 low- and middle-income countries. International Journal for Equity in Health, 21(135), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-022-01733-1.
Beal, T., Tumilowicz, A., Sutrisna, A., Izwardy, D., & Neufeld, L. M. (2018). A review of child stunting determinants in Indonesia. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 14(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12617.
Black, R. E., Victora, C. G., Walker, S. P., Bhutta, Z. A., Christian, P., De Onis, M., Ezzati, M., Grantham-McGregor, S., Katz, J., Martorell, R., & Uauy, R. (2013). Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet, 382(9890), 427–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60937-x.
Blankenship, J. L., Cashin, J., Nguyen, T. T., & Ip, H. (2020). Childhood stunting and wasting in Myanmar: Key drivers and implications for policies and programmes. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 16(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12710.
Edmond KM., Zandoh C., Quigley MA., Amenga-Etego S., Owusu-Agyei S., Kirkwood BR. (2006). Delayed breastfeeding initiation increases risk of neonatal mortality. Pediatrics. 117(3):e380–6.
Jana, A., Dey, D., & Ghosh, R. (2023). Contribution of low birth weight to childhood undernutrition in India: evidence from the national family health survey 2019–2021. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16160-2.
Jiménez-Ceballos, B., Martínez-Herrera, E., Ocharan-Hernández, M. E., Guerra-Araiza, C., García, E. D. F., Muñoz-Ramírez, U. E., Fuentes-Venado, C. E., & Pinto-Almazán, R. (2023). Nutritional Status and Poverty Condition Are Associated with Depression in Preschoolers. Children, 10(5), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10050835.
Jubayer, A., Islam, M. H., & Nayan, M. M. (2022). Malnutrition among under-five children in St. Martin’s Island, Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study on prevalence and associated factors. SAGE Open Medicine, 10, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121221116246.
Kassie, G. A., & Asgedom, Y. S. (2025). Childhood stunting severity level and associated factors among under-five children in Tanzania: a multi-level ordinal logistic regression analysis using 2022 Tanzanian demographic and health survey. BMC Pediatrics, 25(129), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-025-05490-2.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2020). Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 2 tahun 2020 Tentang Standar Antropometri Anak.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2025). SSGI 2024: Prevalensi stunting nasional turun menjadi 19,8%. https://kemkes.go.id/id/ssgi-2024-prevalensi-stunting-nasional-turun-menjadi-198.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2023). Laporan Hasil Survei Status Gizi Indonesia (SSGI) Tahun 2022. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2024). Survei Status Gizi Indonesia (SSGI) Tahun 2024: Laporan Nasional. Jakarta: Badan Kebijakan Pembangunan Kesehatan.
Kirolos, A., Goyheneix, M., Eliasz, M. K., Chisala, M., Lissauer, S., Gladstone, M., & Kerac, M. (2022). Neurodevelopmental, cognitive, behavioural and mental health impairments following childhood malnutrition: a systematic review. BMJ Global Health, 7(7), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009330.
Pal, A., Manna, S., Dalui, R., Mukhopadhyay, R., & Dhara, P. C. (2021). Undernutrition and associated factors among children aged 5–10 years in West Bengal, India: a community-based cross-sectional study. Egyptian Pediatric Association Gazette, 69(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43054-021-00087-7.
Rachmi, C. N., Agho, K. E., Li, M., & Baur, L. A. (2016). Stunting, underweight and overweight in children aged 2.0–4.9 years in Indonesia: Prevalence trends and associated risk factors. PLoS ONE, 11(5), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154756.
Thurstans, S., Sessions, N., Dolan, C., Sadler, K., Cichon, B., Isanaka, S., Roberfroid, D., Stobaugh, H., Webb, P., & Khara, T. (2021). The relationship between wasting and stunting in young children: A systematic review. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 18(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13246.
UNICEF. (2020). UNICEF Conceptual Framework on Maternal and Child Nutrition. New York: UNICEF.
United Nations. Sustainable Development Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal2.
Victora, C. G., Christian, P., Vidaletti, L. P., Gatica-Domínguez, G., Menon, P., & Black, R. E. (2021). Revisiting maternal and child undernutrition in low-income and middle-income countries: variable progress towards an unfinished agenda. The Lancet, 397(10282), 1388–1399. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00394-9.
WHO/UNICEF. (2003). Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding. Geneva: WHO.
World Health Organization. (2009). Infant and Young Child Feeding: Model Chapter for Textbooks. Geneva: WHO.
World Health Organization. (2023). Levels and Trends in Child Malnutrition: Joint Estimates 2023. Geneva: WHO.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Baiq Dewi Sukma Septiani, Ellanda Rima Ervyanna, Erwina Safitri, Holif Fitriyah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 Generic License.
3.png)
1.png)
1.png)
