The Effect of Operational Pressure, Distance Between Field Pipes, And Irrigation Level on The Growt, Yield, And Water Use Efficiency of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) Under A T-Tape Drip Irrigation System
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17977/um067v6i62026p2Keywords:
Triticum Aestivum, Drip Irrigation, Operational Pressure, Pipe Spacing, Irrigation Level, Plant Growth, Water Use EfficiencyAbstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of operational pressure, spacing between field pipes, and irrigation level on plant growth parameters (plant height, dry matter of vegetative parts, grain yield, and water use efficiency) under a T-tape drip irrigation system in wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.). A field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2024–2025 in Safwan district, Basrah Governorate, Iraq. The experiment included three operational pressures (0.75, 1.00, and 1.25 m), three distances between field pipes (20, 30, and 40 cm), and two irrigation levels (100% and 80% of cumulative pan evaporation). The experiment was arranged according to a split-split plot design using RCBD with three replicates. Results showed that the 20 cm spacing recorded the highest values of plant height, dry matter of vegetative parts, grain yield, and water use efficiency compared with wider spacing. Increasing operating pressure significantly increased the above growth and production parameters. Irrigation at 100%Ep significantly increased the growth and production parameters compared with 80% Ep. Except for water use efficiency, the superiority was at 80% Ep compared with 100% Ep. Provides a
References
Akkamis, O., & Caliskan, M. E. (2023). Effects of different irrigation pressures on drip irrigation performance and crop yield. Agricultural Water Management, 280, 108200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108200
Al-Obaidi, M. A. (2021). Effect of irrigation levels on growth and yield of wheat under drip irrigation systems. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 52(5), 1023–1034. https://www.iasj.net
Alsalami, H. A., Al-Hilfy, I. H., & Al-Jabri, M. H. (2023). Improving irrigation efficiency under drip irrigation systems in arid environments. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 54(2), 567–579. https://doi.org/10.22399/ijcesen.1200
Arafa, Y. E., Hussein, A. H., & El-Sayed, M. M. (2009). Effect of lateral spacing on wheat productivity under drip irrigation in sandy soils. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 87(4), 1235–1248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2013.11.003
Arshad, M. (2020). Soil structure stability under different irrigation systems and its impact on erosion processes. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 75(3), 245–256. https://doi.org/10.61841/dvgwv992
Black, C. A., Evans, D. D., White, J. L., Ensminger, L. E., & Clark, F. E. (1965). Methods of soil analysis: Part 1. Physical and mineralogical properties. American Society of Agronomy. https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.2134/agronmonogr
Burt, C. M., Clemmens, A. J., Strelkoff, T. S., Solomon, K. H., Bliesner, R. D., Hardy, L. A., Howell, T. A., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (1997). Irrigation performance measures: Efficiency and uniformity. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 123(6), 423–442. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1997)123:6(423)
Dheyab, A. H., S.M. sultan & A.M.mahdi (2024). The effect of zeolite and vertisol soil conditioners on the growth ,yield ,and water use efficiency of barley )hordeum vulgare L. ( in sandy soil.Internal Jornal of Biological engineeringand agriculture:03(02). https://creativecommon.s.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (
El-Hafedh, R., Daghari, H., & Ben Aissa, N. (2001). Effect of irrigation regimes on water use efficiency and crop yield under drip irrigation. Agricultural Water Management, 52(2), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(01)00123-5
Fereres, E., & Soriano, M. A. (2007). Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use. Journal of Experimental Botany, 58(2), 147–159. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erl165
Hossain, M. A., Moniruzzaman, M., & Karim, A. J. M. S. (2017). Performance of drip irrigation system for improving water use efficiency in crop production. International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology, 7(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v7i1.34337
Kang, Y., Wang, F., Liu, H., & Yuan, B. (2017). Effects of different drip irrigation regimes on soil moisture and crop yield. Agricultural Water Management, 179, 143–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.05.014
Karimi, B. (2021). Influence of operating pressure on drip irrigation system performance and plant growth. Irrigation Science, 39(4), 451–463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-021-00730-5
Li, X., Zhang, X., Niu, J., & Tong, L. (2018). Effects of drip irrigation lateral spacing on soil water distribution and crop productivity. Agricultural Water Management, 204, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.03.020
Montalvo, D., Degryse, F., & McLaughlin, M. J. (2023). Wetting patterns and salt distribution under drip irrigation systems: Implications for irrigation design. Agricultural Water Management, 275, 107987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107987
Nayyef, M. A., Al-Zubaidi, A. H., & Hassan, B. A. (2026). Effect of irrigation levels on vegetative growth and dry matter accumulation in wheat. Journal of Agricultural Research and Development, 12(1), 55–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.05.014
Page, A. L., Miller, R. H., & Keeney, D. R. (1982). Methods of soil analysis: Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties (2nd ed.). American Society of Agronomy. https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.2134/agronmonogr
Radhi, D. R. (2023). Effect of field pipe spacing on irrigation efficiency and crop growth under drip irrigation systems. Iraqi Journal of Soil and Water Resources, 7(1), 45–60. https://doi.org/10.36077/kjas/2025/v17i1.12271
Rivulis Irrigation Ltd. (2024). T-Tape drip irrigation technology: Design, installation, and performance guide. Rivulis. https://www.rivulis.com
Sahouki, M. M., Kafi, M., & Majidi, E. (2013). Deficit irrigation effects on water use efficiency and yield of wheat. International Journal of Plant Production, 7(4), 567–580. https://doi.org/10.22069/ijpp.2013.1450
Xiukang, W., Zhi, Z., & Ming, L. (2014). Effects of irrigation pressure and water salinity on emitter discharge and maize yield under drip irrigation. Agricultural Water Management, 133, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2013.11.003
Zhao, W., Liu, B., Zhang, Z., & Wang, Y. (2018). Effects of irrigation methods and spacing on soil moisture distribution and crop growth. Agricultural Water Management, 208, 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.06.015
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Zaid Mahdi Alshuwaili , Ali Hamdhi Dheyab
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
1.png)
4.png)
