Negara dan Kediktatoran: Perspektif Psikologi Sosial
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17977/um070v2i42022p239-246Keywords:
kepemimpinan politik; kediktatoran; otoritarianisme; demokrasi; psikologi sosialAbstract
Abstract: Leaders are almost always needed in a group or organizational situation, including a state, which has the purpose of making decisions. One style of leadership is authoritarian leadership. Leaders who embrace this leadership style are called dictators and the state or government led by dictators is called the dictatorship. However, empirical researches in psychology on dictatorship phenomena are still rarely done. Therefore, we expect this paper will encourage more empirical researches on this phenomenon in the field of psychology, especially social psychology. This article was written with a literature review approach from a variety of relevant sources: books, book chapters, review articles, and research articles. The perspective used is social psychological perspective because in our opinion it is more precise and comprehensive. The results of literature review show that dictatorship consists of three types: monarchic dictatorship, military dictatorship, and civilian dictatorship. The figure of a dictator in dictatorship state has narcissism trait classified in the Dark Triad characteristics. The dictatorship state has two main problems namely power-sharing and authoritarian control. Empirically, dictatorship practices have more negative than positive impacts on a state. In addition, dictatorship practices are also contrary to the nature of leadership should be played by a state leader.
Abstrak: Pemimpin hampir selalu dibutuhkan dalam situasi kelompok atau organisasi, termasuk dalam sebuah negara, yang memiliki tujuan untuk membuat keputusan. Salah satu gaya kepemimpinan adalah kepemimpinan otoriter yang identik dengan kepemimpinan sewenang-wenang. Pemimpin yang menganut gaya kepemimpinan ini disebut dengan diktator dan negara atau pemerintahan yang dipimpin oleh diktator disebut dengan kediktatoran. Namun demikian, penelitian empiris di bidang psikologi mengenai fenomena kediktatoran masih jarang dilakukan. Oleh karena itu, tulisan ini diharapkan dapat mendorong lahirnya riset-riset empiris di bidang psikologi, khususnya psikologi sosial, mengenai fenomena kediktatoran. Artikel ini ditulis dengan pendekatan telaah literatur (literature review) dari berbagai sumber yang relevan, baik itu berupa buku, book chapter, artikel telaah, maupun artikel penelitian. Perspektif yang digunakan adalah perspektif psikologi sosial karena dianggap lebih tepat dan komprehensif. Hasil telaah literatur menunjukkan bahwa kediktatoran terdiri dari tiga jenis, yaitu monarchic dictatorship, military dictatorship, dan civilian dictatorship. Sosok diktator dalam negara kediktatoran biasanya memiliki trait kepribadian narsisisme yang tergolong dalam karakteristik Dark Triad. Negara kediktatoran memiliki dua masalah utama yaitu power-sharing dan authoritarian control. Secara empiris, praktik kediktatoran memiliki lebih banyak dampak negatif daripada positif bagi sebuah negara. Selain itu, praktik kediktatoran juga bertentangan dengan hakikat kepemimpinan yang harusnya diperankan oleh seorang pemimpin negara.
References
Albertus, M., & Gay, V. (2019). No better time than now: Future uncertainty and private investment under dictatorship. Economics & Politics, 31(1), 71–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecpo.12120
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) (7th ed.). American Psychological Association.
Baron, R. A., & Branscombe, N. R. (2014). Social psychology (13th ed.). Pearson Education.
Clark, W. R., Golder, M., & Golder, S. N. (2017). Principles of comparative politics. CQ Press.
Duckitt, J. (2015). Authoritarian personality. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (2th ed., pp. 255–261). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.2307/3791588
Ezrow, N. M., & Frantz, E. (2011). Dictators and dictatorships: Understanding authoritarian regimes and their leaders. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
Forsyth, D. R. (2010). Group dynamics (5th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Gehlbach, S., Sonin, K., & Svolik, M. W. (2016). Formal models of nondemocratic politics. Annual Review of Political Science, 19, 565–584. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-042114-014927
Greene, S., & Robertson, G. (2017). Agreeable authoritarians: Personality and politics in contemporary Russia. Comparative Political Studies, 50(13), 1802–1834. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414016688005
Guriev, S., & Treisman, D. (2015). How modern dictators survive: An informational theory of the new authoritarianism. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w21136
Hanurawan, F. (2012). Psikologi sosial: Suatu pengantar. Remaja Rosdakarya.
Hollyer, J. R., Rosendorff, B. P., & Vreeland, J. R. (2019). Why do autocrats disclose? Economic transparency and inter-elite politics in the shadow of mass unrest. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 63(6), 1488–1516. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022002718792602
Kartono, K. (2006). Pemimpin dan kepemimpinan. RajaGrafindo.
Kelman, H. C. (1958). Compliance, identification, and internalization three processes of attitude change. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2(1), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200275800200106
Kysh, L. (2013). What’s in a name? The difference between a systematic review and a literature review and why it matters. Poster Presented at Medical Library Group of Southern California & Arizona (MLGSCA) and the Northern California and Nevada Medical Library Group (NCNMLG) Joint Meeting, La Jolla, CA. Retrieved from Http://Libguides. Sjsu. Edu/c. Php. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.766364
Luthans, F. (2002). Organizational Behavior. McGraw-Hill.
Menaldo, V. (2012). The middle east and north Africa’s resilient monarchs. The Journal of Politics, 74(3), 707–722. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381612000436
Moghaddam, F. M. (2013). The psychology of dictatorship. American Psychological Association.
Myers, D. G. (2002). Social psychology. McGraw-Hill.
Nai, A. (2019). Disagreeable narcissists, extroverted psychopaths, and elections: A new dataset to measure the personality of candidates worldwide. European Political Science, 18(2), 309–334. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-018-0187-2
Nai, A., & Toros, E. (2020). The peculiar personality of strongmen: Comparing the Big Five and Dark Triad traits of autocrats and non-autocrats. Political Research Exchange, 2(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/2474736X.2019.1707697
Nawawi, H. (2005). Perencanaan SDM untuk organisasi profit yang kompetitif. UGM Press.
Papaioannou, K. J., & Van Zanden, J. L. (2015). The dictator effect: how long years in office affect economic development. Journal of Institutional Economics, 11(1), 111–139. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137414000356
Rizio, S. M., & Skali, A. (2020). How often do dictators have positive economic effects? Global evidence, 1858–2010. The Leadership Quarterly, 31(3), 101302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.06.003
Saptono, I. (2005). Tidak bebas berekspresi: Kisah tentang represi dan kooptasi kebebasan berekspresi. ISAI.
Svolik, M. W. (2012). The politics of authoritarian rule. Cambridge University Press.
The Heritage Foundation. (2020). 2020 Index of Economic Freedom. https://www.heritage.org/index/country/northkorea?version=145
World Population Review. (2020). Dictatorship Countries Population. https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/dictatorship-countries/
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
3.png)
1.png)
1.png)
