Slips of the Tongue by Jokowi and Prabowo in the Presidential Debates 2019

This current research, using a descriptive qualitative method, aims to find out and analyze the types of slip of the tongue produced by Jokowi and Prabowo during the presidential debates 2019. This current research applied the theories proposed by Altiparmak and Koruoglu (2014) to analyze types of slip of the tongue. The data were taken from video of the 2nd round presidential debate 2019, obtained from YouTube. The collected data were then transcribed and analyzed based on the types of slip of the tongue proposed by Altiparmark and Koruoglu (2014). There were 100 utterances of data found of slip of the tongue produced by Jokowi and Prabowo during the 2nd round of presidential debate 2019. Jokowi produced 60 slips of the tongue: deletions (46.67%), blends (21.67%), substitutions (11.67%), anticipations (11.67%), additions (5%), perseverations (1.66%), and misdeviations (1.66%). Prabowo produced 40 slips of the tongue: deletions (26.83%), substitutions (26.83%), anticipations (21.95%), additions (19.51%), blends (2.44%), and misdeviations (2.44%). The type of perseverations of slip of the tongue occurred in Jokowi’s utterances but did not occur in Prabowo’s utterances. Whereas, shifts and exchanges slip of the tongue are the two types that did not occur in their utterances.


Introduction
Slip of the tongue which is included into parts of speech errors normally can happen in any situations either formal or non-formal. Slip of the tongue may happen in any aspect of life such in daily communication, classroom interaction, trade interaction, and even in a debate.
However, some people sometimes do not realize when they produce it. Slip of the tongue can happen intentionally for it usually has a specific purpose such as creating a joke or unintentionally (Fitriana, 2018).
Extensive studies have been conducted to investigate the phenomenon of slip of the tongue in a wide variety of contexts and settings (e.g., Ramadhan, 2016;Saputri, 2016;Ulfa, 2016;Fitria, 2018;Asyura, 2017;Mustofa & Akhmad, 2018 among others). Fitriana (2018), in particular, studied slip of the tongue among Indonesian state officials. In her study, she reported that slip of the tongue could normally take place in any situations either formal or non formal. In addition, slip of the tongue can be experienced by all people from any educational background, age, or any incumbency. Slips of the tongue might happen in presidential debates while the candidates are sharing and presenting their thoughts, ideas, and opinions in developing the country if later they are selected as president.
In speaking aloud, people produce up to 150 words per min (Moller, Jansma, Fornells, & Munte, 2007). As cited in Moller et al (2007), Levelt (1989) mentioned that the act of speaking requires to proceed from the intention of what to say to semantic, syntactic, phonological, and articulatory processing stages within milliseconds. In communication, sometimes the speaker says an utterance that is incorrect by slipping of the tongue in the speech. In this situation the speaker usually produces word errors for different words they meant and uttered. Everyday speech is full of different kinds of speech errors, which are commonly referred to as slip of the tongue (Altiparmak & Koruoglu, 2014). By extending this idea, Detrianto (2017Detrianto ( , 2018 stated that a speech error mostly produced by people is slip of the tongue. According to Jaeger (2005), Slip of the tongue is defined as an error in a discourse production planning because during the planning process when the speaker wants to utter words, phrases, or sentences something goes wrong so that the production does not match with the plan. Slip of the tongue is an unpredictable phenomenon and even the speaker itself cannot predict when the error will occur and what kind of error will be produced (Fitriana, 2018). In addition, Fromkin (1973), a linguist, whose studies focused on the slip of the tongue phenomenon claimed that slip of the tongue is the result of repressed thoughts which were revealed by particular errors. Fromkin (1973) concluded that slip of the tongue has a relationship with someone's thought in the brain. There are some situations or factors which can influence slip of the tongue such as when the tongue's owner is tired, a bit drunk, or a little bit nervous (Aitchinson, 2008).
The previous studies deal with slip of the tongue such as slip of the tongue on stand-up comedy shows. This study was conducted by Asyura (2017) aiming to describe the pause and slip of the tongue that are produced by stand-up comedians on the show. The result of this study showed that pauses can occur because of respiratory and because the speaker is experiencing doubt while slip of the tongue can occur because the comedians spoke hastily and did not concentrate.
Another study was done by Mustofa and Akhmad (2018). The study investigated the types of slip of the tongue which have been done by students in pronouncing English as a foreign language. The results shown from six of eight types of slip of the tongue that occurred in students' pronunciation are shift, anticipation, perseveration, addition, deletion, and substitution. The frequently produced was substitution slip of the tongue. A study about slip of the tongue in English classrooms was also conducted by Detrianto (2018). The difference is JoLLA: Journal of Language,Literature,and Arts,1(3), 2021, 307-319 that Detrianto's research also observed the factor which influenced the production of slip of the tongue. He found out that the factors are the cognitive difficulty, situational anxiety, and some social factors. Therefore, in this current research, the researcher focused her intention on the types of slip of the tongue produced by Jokowi and Prabowo in the presidential debate 2019.
The current research investigated the language production concerning slip of the tongue of Jokowi and Prabowo in the presidential debate 2019. There are two main reasons why this object was chosen as the source of data. First, the presidential debate became a trending topic on every social media in Indonesia at that time. According to liputan6.com, #DebatPilpres2019 did not only become a trending topic in Indonesia but also a trending topic in the world. Second, the researchers found that both candidates produced slip of the tongue several times. When the candidates realized that they produced slip of the tongue, they usually corrected it immediately. However, sometimes the candidates did not realize when producing it. The researcher also found that producing slip of the tongue was affected by some conditions such as emotional influences and time limitation. Therefore, the researcher considered that this research is worth-doing.

Method
This current research uses a descriptive qualitative method since the researcher explores language phenomena focusing on slip of the tongue in presidential debates. According to George and Bennett (2008), qualitative research is designated research in which the result is captured in words, images, or nonnumeric symbols. The data of this research were taken from video of the 2nd round of presidential debate 2019, obtained from YouTube which is available online. Furthermore, the data are in the form of word transcription from video. This current research attempts to describe speech production concerning the slip of the tongue produced by Jokowi and Prabowo in presidential debates 2019.
This current research focused on psychological analysis on the types of slip of the tongue and the possible conditions causing slip of the tongue produced by Jokowi and Prabowo in Presidential Debates 2019. There are five rounds of the presidential debates. However, this research analyzed the production of slip of the tongue produced by Jokowi and Prabowo only in the 2nd round of presidential debates. This current research is limited to slip of the tongue production and did not mention other kinds of speech error such as syntactical error, grammatical error, and so on.
There were several steps in collecting the data. First, the researcher watched the video that has been uploaded to YouTube. Then the researcher transcribed the video and focused on the slip of the tongue made by Jokowi and Prabowo. While transcribing the video, the researcher slowed down four times from the normal speed of the recording to make the transcription more accurate. The next step was categorizing slip of the tongue produced by Jokowi and Prabowo whether it is classified into shifts, exchanges, anticipations, perseverations, additions, deletions, substitutions, blends, and misdeviations slip of the tongue based on theory proposed by Altiparmak and Koruoglu (2014). Lastly, the researcher observed the situation when Jokowi and Prabowo were debating to know the possible conditions or factors causing the production of the slip of the tongue based on theory proposed by Clark and Clark (1977).

Findings and Discussion
There are 100 utterances data found in the 2 nd round presidential debates 2019. While Jokowi produced 60 instances of slips of the tongue, Prabowo produced 40 slips of the tongue. (see Figure 1).

Figure 1. Frequency of Slip of the Tongue
There are 60 utterances data found when Jokowi at 2nd round presidential debates in 2019. The researcher categorized the data ( Figure 2) to make it easier to identify the frequency of each type of slip of the tongue.

Figure 2. Types of Slip of the Tongue Produced by Jokowi
There are nine types of slip of the tongue based on a theory proposed by Altiparmak and Koruoglu (2014). Jokowi produced seven types of slip of the tongue that the researcher will elaborate on in the following. In Data 1, we see that Jokowi deleted a linguistic unit in his utterances. Instead of saying "Indonesia", Jokowi said "Indosia". It means that he missed the "ne" out when uttering the word.

Data 2 Yang sahormati, ketua KPU…
Combining two words together unintentionally is one of the speech errors known as blends. Jokowi also did this type of slip of the tongue several times. As seen from Data 2, what he actually wanted to say was "yang saya hormati" but what he said was "yang sahormati". He combined the word "saya" and "hormati" become "sahormati". He omitted some syllables of the first word which is "ya" from the word "saya" and then attached it to the next word which is "hormati".

Data 3 Memang baru empat bulan enam bulan.
In Data 3, Jokowi said "empat bulan enam bulan" and what he actually wanted to say was "enam bulan". The word "empat" and "enam" almost have the same first syllable which are "em" and "en". So when Jokowi wanted to utter "enam", he did a substitution slip of the tongue by changing the word into "empat".
Anticipation of slip of the tongue can also be found in some of Jokowi's utterances. As illustrated in Data 4, Jokowi intended to say "Telah 100 persen kita selesaikan", however what he said was "Telah 100 persen sele kita selesaikan". In this example "kita" is the earlier word and "sele" which leads to the word "selesaikan" is the later syllable. When the later syllables take the position of the earlier word, it can be categorized as anticipations slip of the tongue.

5) Additions
Data 5 Kita bangun banyak sekali baik itu yang mjalan, jalan tol, pelabuhan… Sometimes Jokowi added some linguistic unit to words as exemplified in Data 5 where instead of saying "jalan", he said "mjalan". He added "m" before the word.
In Data 6, what Jokowi should have said was "saya melihat ini hampir setiap hari". "Saya" and "melihat" are the earlier words and "ini" is the later word. In this case, the word "saya" as the earlier word takes the position of the later word "ini". So, perseverance slip of the tongue is actually the opposite of anticipation slip of the tongue.
As discussed before, misdeviations slip of the tongue happens when a linguistic unit is misplaced. In this case, the linguistic unit is "memiliki". According to KBBI, "memiliki" is the formal and correct word. However, to the best of the researcher's knowledge, this utterance consists of misdeviation slip of the tongue (i.e., memiliki). "Memiliki '' is a transitive verb in which it needs an object following it. Jokowi used "memiliki" at the end of the sentence which is an unsuitable position or misplaced. The alternative sentence would be "sisi akses ke sektor keuangan juga mereka miliki" or "Mereka juga memiliki akses ke sektor keuangan''.
There are 40 utterances data found in Prabowo's utterances during the 2 nd round of presidential debates 2019 (see Figure 3). Deletions slip of the tongue also found in Prabowo's utterances as seen from Data 8 where instead of saying "infrastruktur" he deleted "struk" in the middle of the word and said "infraktur".
When a linguistic unit changes into another linguistic unit, we can categorize it as substitutions. The linguistic unit can be phrases, words, and letters. In example, the target sentence is "menyiapkan pupuk dalam jumlah berapa yang dibutuhkan" but what he said was "Menyiapkan pupuk dalam keadaan dalam jumlah berapa yang dibutuhkan". When he wanted to say "dalam jumlah", he changed the phrase to "dalam keadaan".
In some utterances, Prabowo anticipated slip of the tongue. In Data 10, he said "setiap arah" and what he should say was "setiap usaha ke arah". This can be considered as an anticipatory slip of the tongue because the later word takes the position of the earlier word. "usaha" is the earlier word and "arah" is the later word. Instead of saying "setiap usaha ke arah kemandirian", he said "setiap arah setiap usaha kemandirian". The word "arah" takes the place of "usaha".
Adding linguistic unit to word can be considered as additions slip of the tongue. The addition can be a letter or syllable. Data 11 shows us that Prabowo said "mamasalahkan" instead of saying "masalahkan". He added the syllable "ma" from the word "masalahkan".
According to KBBI, the word "melaksanakan" is correct. However, "melaksanakan" is a transitive verb that cannot be put at the end of the sentence and left hanging without an object following it. According to the best of the researcher's knowledge, if a transitive verb is used at the end of the sentence, it can be considered as misplace because the position is unsuitable and can be considered as misdeviations slip of the tongue. The alternative sentence would be "tidak mentaati ketentuan ketentuan yang harus dia laksanakan".
As the data showed, Jokowi produced slips of the tongue more frequently than Prabowo at presidential debates 2nd round 2019. According to Altiparmak and Koruoglu (2014), slips of the tongue not only occurred on uneducated people but also on educated people. However, Jokowi and Prabowo had different educational backgrounds. Jokowi studied at state school in Solo and continued his study at faculty of forestry in Universitas Gajah Mada. On the other hand, Prabowo studied at several different countries such as Indonesia, Singapore, Hongkong, Malaysia, Swiss, and England before he continued his study at the military academy at Magelang, Indonesia when he was 19 years old. He studied and worked in the military academy at Magelang for 28 years. According to Rahmah (2018), language used in the military is known for its formality, rigidity, clarity, and simplicity. To the best of the researcher's knowledge, the formal language used in Indonesian military enables the members of the military to have good Indonesian language skill. It might be the reason why Prabowo produced the least frequent slips of the tongue rather than Jokowi.
Jokowi produced seven out of nine types of slip of the tongue and Prabowo produced six out of nine types of slip of the tongue. Jokowi produced deletions, blends, substitutions, anticipations, additions, perseverations, and misdeviations slip of the tongue. Prabowo produced deletions, substitutions, anticipations, additions, blends, and misdeviations. From the nine types of slip of the tongue, there are two types that were not produced by Jokowi and Prabowo namely shift and exchange slip of the tongue. Shift slip of the tongue is the addition of a linguistic unit that is deleted elsewhere or simply said that the speech unit moves to a different location (Altiparmak & Koruoglu, 2014). For example, the speaker wants to utter "she decides to hit it". However, the speaker did shift the slip of the tongue by uttering "she decide to hits it" (Mustofa & Akhmad, 2018). From the example, the suffix "s" is deleted from the word "decides" but appears in the word "hit" which is not the appropriate place. Furthermore, Exchange slip of the tongue happens when two units swap position or simply double shift in two linguistic units exchange the place (Altiparmak & Koruoglu, 2014). To the best of the researcher's knowledge, this type of slip of the tongue might happen in English language but cannot be found in Bahasa Indonesia. In English, the speaker has to pay attention to the verb use because it changes based on the time and the pronoun. For example I go, you go, she goes, it goes, and so on. There is no similar concept in bahasa Indonesia because the verbs do not change when it has a different pronoun or when it happens at a certain time (Ratyhlicious, 2018).
Jokowi produced 60 slips of the tongue. Those were: deletion 28 times, blends 13 times, substitution 7 times, anticipation 7 times, addition 3 times, perseveration 1 time, and misdeviation 1 time. Deletion slip of the tongue was the most frequent type produced by Jokowi. Deletion slip of the tongue happens when the speaker leaves something out or a unit is deleted (Altiparmak & Kuruoglu, 2014). It might happen because Jokowi was in a hurry while delivering his argument. He wanted to utter a lot of things under a limitation of time. According to Clark and Clark (1977), when the conversation takes place under pressure, it seems difficult to utter the speech plan.
Jokowi produced more types (seven types) of slip of the tongue rather than Prabowo (six types). It means there is a type of slip of the tongue that is produced by Jokowi but not produced by Prabowo. The type is the perseverance slip of the tongue. Perseverance slip of the tongue happens when the earlier linguistic unit takes the place of the later linguistic unit (Mustofa & Akhmad, 2018). Moreover, it happens when the speech unit is activated too late (Altiparmak & Koruoglu, 2014). Actually, perseverance slip of the tongue is the opposite of anticipations slip of the tongue where a later linguistic unit takes place the earlier one. The example of perseverance slip of the tongue that was found was when Jokowi utter "saya melihat saya ini hampir setiap minggu". The word "saya" as the earlier word takes the position of the word "ini'' as the later word. To the best of the researcher's knowledge, from the datum found above it tends to repeat the earlier word. It is not effective when the speaker speaks under the limitation of time. Due to saving time, Prabowo seems to utter his utterances straight to the point and avoids making such repetition.
Prabowo produced 40 slips of the tongue. Those were: deletions 11 times, substitutions 11 times, anticipations 9 times, additions 8 times, blendings 1 time, and misdeviations 1 time. Deletions and substitutions slip of the tongue were the most frequent types produced by Prabowo. As mentioned above, deletion slip of the tongue happens when a linguistic unit is deleted from the word (Altiparmak & Kuruoglu, 2014). Another most frequent type produced by Prabowo is substitutions slip of the tongue. Substitution slip of the tongue happens when a linguistic unit changes into another unit (Altiparmak & Koruoglu, 2014). It can happen when the speaker takes place under pressure when delivering the utterances. In this case, there are a lot of things that could make Prabowo speak under pressure. Moreover, Prabowo seems to feel anxious in answering some questions. It might be the reason why he produced deletions and substitutions slip of the tongue frequently.
There is a unique case at Prabowo's utterance where a datum belongs to two types of slip of the tongue. The datum is "apa yang sudah dilakukan oleh Pak Jokowidodo dibidang instrukstruktur beliau telah bekerja keras." This error "istrukstruktur" can be categorized as deletions slip of the tongue because he deleted "fra" where the word should be "infrastruktur". However, this error can also be categorized as addition slip of the tongue because the speaker added a linguistic unit "struk" to the word. Because of this phenomenon, the number of data and the total number for each type's production show different number. The number of the slip of the tongue produced by Prabowo was 40 but the result of types of slip of the tongue is 41 in total.
According to Clark and Clark (1977), three possible conditions causing slip of the tongue are cognitive difficulty, situational anxiety, and social factors. From the graph above, it is obvious that the social factor is the most possible condition of Jokowi producing slip of the tongue. Social factor means that the speaker speaks under pressure as a result the speech plan seems difficult to utter (Clark & Clark, 1977;Detrianto, 2018). In some cases, Jokowi seems in a hurry to deliver his utterances. It can be considered normal because he wanted to utter and tell the audience a lot of things but the time that he had was very limited. The limitation of time becomes a challenge to deal with. Moreover, social factors can come from the interlocutor whom we speak to. In some cases, Jokowi seems to feel under pressure and felt guilty after Prabowo gave responses that tackled his arguments. Then, Jokowi uttered statements that sounded like self-defense to keep his image. In this case, the slip of the tongue might happen. In addition, when Prabowo seems to tackle his argument down, Jokowi wanted to clarify in order to make the audience not misunderstand him. Sometimes, to clarify it, Jokowi had a lot of things to explain from the beginning. This kind of pressure can make the speaker produce a slip of the tongue.

Figure 4. Data on Possible Conditions Causing Slip of the Tongue
On the contrary, social factors are the least possible condition of Prabowo producing slip of the tongue. He seemed not to really care about the limitation of time. Occasionally, he seemed to feel under pressure when Jokowi tackled back his response towards Jokowi's arguments. In another case, Jokowi delivered sarcastic words that satirized Prabowo. For example, Jokowi said, "redistribution of agrarian reform should be for poor society and not for the rich society". Those words satirized Prabowo because he managed some state-owned land. In response to that, Prabowo produced slip of the tongue which might happen due to feeling guilty or mad. Moreover, he had to clarify the opponent's statement to save his image.
The most possible condition causing slip of the tongue produced by Prabowo is situational anxiety. Situational anxiety happens when the speaker becomes tense, anxious, or worries about something in a certain situation (Clark & Clark, 1977;Detrianto, 2018). In some cases, Prabowo seemed to feel tense and worried that his utterances would go wrong so there was a hesitation while uttering the utterances. Further, he was worried that he would utter wrong statements that would probably be offensive to another candidate. In addition, sometimes Prabowo felt anxious and worried when he tried answering the opponent's questions. He was worried that his answer would not satisfy the interlocutor or the audience. In another case, while discussing a certain topic, Prabowo felt anxious about the condition of Indonesia. For example, the topic about the high price of food that was a disadvantage for the poor society. Prabowo slowed down his tempo while speaking when he felt worried and anxious. The anxiety could break up the speaker's speech planning that has been set in the speaker's mind. That kind of condition can make the speaker produce a slip of the tongue.
On the other hand, situational anxiety is the least possible condition causing slip of the tongue produced by Jokowi. Out of 60 utterances of slip of the tongue produced by him, only 7 slip of the tongue happened because of situational anxiety. Jokowi seemed anxious and worried that his answer or responses would not satisfy the opponent or all of the audience. This anxiety tends to make his utterances planning mess up so he sounded uncertain in uttering the statement. Beside being anxious or worried that his statement would not satisfy the opponent or the audiences, Jokowi was also worried that he would state wrong statements. He seemed to be careful in uttering his utterances. In another case, Jokowi suddenly felt tense after he got yelled at by the audience. Sometimes, Jokowi increased his pitch in speaking when he felt tense.
Cognitive difficulty is the second most possible condition causing slip of the tongue produced by either Jokowi or Prabowo. Cognitive difficulty happens when the speaker takes a longer time to produce words or sentences (Clark & Clark, 1977). Cognitive difficulty can be found when the debate is going to begin. Because it was still the beginning of the event, both Jokowi and Prabowo had to prepare and adapt to the situations and conditions of the event. Thus, it took longer to produce sentences on certain topics. Moreover, in debates, they have to speak spontaneously or it is known as unprepared speech. Occasionally, while delivering the unprepared speech, Jokowi and Prabowo seemed difficult to find proper words to utter. Further, they knew what words they were going to utter but when they wanted to utter it, they forgot those words.
The impact of producing slip of the tongue can be positive and negative. The impact can be negative because when someone does slip of the tongue, the utterances seem difficult to be understood by the audience. When the audiences do not get the point of what the speaker wants to utter, the communication will be interrupted and it will not run smoothly. Besides having negative impacts, slip of the tongue also has a positive impact if it is intentionally produced by the speaker. It is usually done by comedians to amuse the audiences.
In sum, Jokowi produced more slip of the tongue than Prabowo. Jokowi produced 60 times slip of the tongue while Prabowo produced 40 times slip of the tongue. There are seven out of nine types of slip of the tongue found in Jokowi and Prabowo utterances such as deletions, blends, substitutions, anticipations, additions, perseverations, and misdeviations. Two types of slip of the tongue that did not appear in Jokowi and Prabowo's utterances were shift and exchange slip of the tongue. Three possible conditions causing slips of the tongue produced by Jokowi and Prabowo were cognitive difficulty, situational anxiety, and social factors.

Conclusion
The research revealed that Jokowi produced seven types of slip of the tongue. The types of slip of the tongue produced by Jokowi were deletions, blends, substitutions, anticipations, additions, perseverations, and misdeviations slip of the tongue. On the other hand, Prabowo produced six types of slip of the tongue. The types of slip of the tongue produced by Prabowo were deletions, substitutions, anticipations, additions, blends, and misdeviations. Perseverance's slip of the tongue was the type that can be found in Jokowi's utterances but cannot be found in Prabowo's utterances. Prabowo seemed to speak straight to the point instead of repeating the same word due to saving time. Further, there are two types of slip of the tongue which did not occur in both Jokowi and Prabowo's utterances during the presidential debates namely shifts and exchanges slip of the tongue. Shifts and exchanges of slip of the tongue might be found in English utterances. In speaking English, the speaker has to pay attention to the verb use because it changes based on the time and pronoun. It is different from the concept in bahasa Indonesia where the verbs do not change when it has a different time or pronoun.
Deletions were the most frequent types of slip of the tongue produced by Jokowi and Prabowo. It could happen because they were in a hurry in delivering the speech. They wanted to deliver a lot of things to the audiences in a very limited time. Besides deletions, the most frequent type of slip of the tongue produced by Prabowo was substitutions. In this case, it probably happened because Prabowo spoke under pressure since it was the presidential debates. The researcher also found the fact that Jokowi produced more slip of the tongue than Prabowo. To the best of the researcher's knowledge, since Prabowo studied and worked in a military academy for 28 years, he had better Indonesian language skill than Jokowi.