The Character Development in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by

A novel is a literary product that has various genres. One of the genres is fantasy, which the novel under study, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , belongs to. The novel has many fantasy characters, such as wizards, animals, and talking objects. This paper explores character development of the characters in this novel namely Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, and Lion as they go on a journey to achieve their respective goals. Using a formalism approach, I argue that all the main characters in The Won-derful Wizard of Oz experience positive character development and can accomplish their goals. Dor-othy's character has developed from being innocent towards other creatures to being a killer, for example when her property is taken. Scarecrow who initially feels inferior because he feels he has no brain becomes a creature who could come up with good ideas so that he could save his friends. Tin Woodman, who initially thinks he has to be careful not to hurt other creatures, becomes brave enough to hurt other creatures to protect his friends. Then, Lion, who is originally a coward, becomes brave when he feels threatened.


Introduction
Literature is not only read by adults. Children who are the forerunner of the birth of a new generation should also start reading literature. According to Kurchatova (2017), children use what they have learned about literature to their creativity while writing stories. Therefore, children's reading becomes necessary to pay attention to.
There are many types of literature that children can learn. According to Mursini (2009), types of children's literature, in general, are picture books, folklore, historical fiction, realistic fiction, science fiction, fantasy stories, and biographies. Regarding realistic fiction, science fiction, and biographies, I think these genres are devoted to high-level children's literature or children who are about to become teenagers. This is supported by Resmini (2012) who says that in elementary school, especially in grade 3 and grade 4 are given poetry, traditional literature, and fantasy stories, and in grades 5 and 6, poetry and realistic stories are given, especially contemporary realistic stories, biographies and history, and science fiction stories. Then, referring to Mursini's statement about the seven types of children's literature, it is considered suitable to put fantasy as children's reading material.
In this study, the specific observation is placed on novels. Novels have developed a variety of genres, one of which is fantasy. According to Nurgiyantoro (in Fandini, 2018), a fantasy story is a story based on one's imagination. So, the stories and characters included in this fantasy story are not real. This is supported by Nurgiyantoro (2002). According to Nurgiyantoro (2002), the story characters displayed in this type of fiction are artificial characters or characters that never exist in real life.
The main data in the study is The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, a fantasy literary novel as a form of children's literature. It is written by L. Frank Baum (1900). It has fantasy characters such as the talking Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, and Lion. In addition, there are wizard figures such as the Wicked Witch of the East and the Witch of the North. As they are imaginary characters, it is safe to claim that the novel fits the generic category of fantasy genre. When this novel was first released by L. Frank Baum in 1900 it had not taken long to become famous (Norman, 2020). This is certainly a great achievement, especially since printing and transportation for commercial goods shipping at that time were not advanced like they are now. So, it is not surprising that The Wonderful Wizard of Oz became a best-selling novel for two consecutive years and this novel was adapted into films such as The Wizard of Oz (1939) and Oz the Great and Powerful (2013). The Wizard of Oz goes on to become one of the best movies of all the time (Norman, 2020).
One research on L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was conducted by Rahmadani (2018) focusing on the description of the characters. This paper contains a description of the main characters in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, namely Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, and Lion and this makes me agree because they are the most told in the novel. While the characters were well-described, the work only focuses on general and surface descriptions of each. Deep analyses are, of course, necessary. Therefore, I will focus on analyzing the character development of the main characters of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and explaining what characters have developed.
Then, the issue of character development has actually been discussed by other researchers. For example, Pistari (2016) discusses self actualization in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The similarity of the article written by Pistari to the current study is that they both discuss the character development of the main characters in the novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. But the difference is that the article written by Pistari (2016) only mentions three main characters, namely The Scarecrow, the Tin Woodman, and the Cowardly Lion. Whereas this study will analyze the character development of the four main characters, namely Dorothy, The Scarecrow, the Tin Woodman, and the Cowardly Lion.
The review above has shown that many researchers discussed the characters in the novel from different perspectives. So, I will analyze The Wonderful Wizard of Oz based on a formalist approach. This is because the formalist approach focuses on the analysis of intrinsic elements which make the work literature, in this case fantasy. Fantasy itself has two main characteristics, namely it is unreal and involves some sort of power. Unreal characteristics in the novel are for example the presence of animals that can talk (Lion) and objects that can move and talk (Scarecrow and Tin Woodman). While the traits of having power like Scarecrow who previously felt inferior because they do not have a brain developed with the idea that came up and with that idea, he is able to fight the enemy. In addition, Tin Woodman, who previously felt inferior because he had no heart, has developed by starting to dare to fight to protect his friends. This analysis is supported by the developmental theory by Jahja (2011) which discusses human development by following generally accepted principles. In my opinion, fantasy characters in novels such as the Scarecrow, the Tin Woodman, and the Lion are manifestations of personification because the characteristics of these three characters are as if they were humans. For example, the characters are shown to be able to talk, have emotions, and have character development. According to Jahja (2011), the process of growth and development that occurs in individual humans follows generally accepted principles. There are four developmental characteristics: development from things that are general to specific, the development is continuous, every part of the body has a growth rate individually, and there is always a correlation between early development and later development. Meanwhile, the theory of character in literary works, in my opinion, does not explain the characteristics of development itself. This theory only explains the definition of each type of character such as protagonist, antagonist, flat, and round. In the following section, I will show the analysis of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz based on character analyses because I think the character is the most crucial element in fantasy. It is true that the setting of location might also be crucial but without the characters, the story does not feel interesting.
According to Fandini (2018), fantasy is a genre of stories in the form of wishful thinking and imagination owned by the author with full creativity. Although the author is not included in the elements of the work. Fantasy is different from folk fantasy. The difference is the characteristic of folk fantasy or folklore is to have a simple character or a flat character (Nurgiyantoro, 2004). Meanwhile, fantasy characters like Neville Longbottom in the Harry Potter novels show development, despite the simplicity of the characters (Alvanita, 2012). The proof is that Neville who previously had a shy nature became a brave nature. He did not listen to Snape's disparaging chatter.
Furthermore, in fantasy works, there are many elements that can be analyzed such as characters, settings, plots, and others. However, the analysis in the current study will focus on fantasy characters. This can be seen in the definition of fantasy characters according to Nurgiyantoro (2004). These fantasy characters also frequently appear in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz such as Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, and Lion. Then, I added one character who is not a fantasy, but she is the main character, namely Dorothy. These four characters are indeed the main characters because these four main characters often appear in the story, from beginning to end. These four main characters experience development, especially the development of behavior seen in their words and actions.
Then, I analyze the character development of Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, and Lion by using literary methods, mainly using a formalist approach. To find out more about the definition of a formalist approach, see Manshur (2019). I use this approach because I want to focus on analyzing internal factors, namely characters, to be able to determine whether this work is a fantasy or not. This is how I will show its development.
In the analysis, the characters are viewed from the characteristics of fantasy characters according to Syahrullah (2012). The proof is that the Lion in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is categorized as an animal fantasy because he can communicate with Dorothy and the others.
In general, there are four developmental characteristics, namely: (1) Development from things that are general to the specific; (2) The development is continuous; (3) Every part of the body has a physical growth rate individually; and (4) There is always a correlation between early development and later development.
Of these four developmental characteristics, I only take three points, namely the first, second and fourth. This is because I analyze character development and this development is closely related to something that is not directly described or implied. While the third characteristic is related to physical growth. In novels, there is no physical development due to the scope of time. Dorothy was still a girl when she was stranded and when she came back, she remained the same girl. According to Jahja (2011), development takes place from things that are general to things that are specific, meaning that development moves from general responses to more specific responses. Then, according to Jahja (2011), development is continuous, meaning that the development of the individual takes place continuously from conception to death but this happens at various speeds. Jahja also added that if it is continuous, it means that every period of development that occurs by an individual will affect the next development.
The next feature is that there is always a correlation between early development and later development. In my opinion, this early and later development has the same underlying connection. According to Talango (2020), all parts of development are continuous and interconnected. Then, Jahja does not explain further about the characteristics, there is always a correlation between early development and later development.
Next, of the many events that Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, and Lion have experienced, I choose the event when the four of them came to the West to meet the creature on orders from Oz. The reason I chose this event is that the four characters are both struggling to kill the same creature so that Oz would grant their wish. The characteristics of creature they are about to kill are a witch, who lives in the West, and has a bad nature because she likes to make other creatures her slaves.

Description of Dorothy's Character
Dorothy is an orphan who lives with Uncle Henry, Aunt Em, and Toto the dog. Dorothy is described as innocent, inoffensive, and never killing anything (page 14). According to Paath (2022), one of the characteristics of an innocent person is to always think positively about everything. This innocent feature that always thinks positive is in Dorothy which is immediately described in a sentence on page 14 in the novel. This is proven on pages 23 to 25 when Dorothy comes to a house without feeling suspicious. Generally, feeling suspicious is associated with a negative feeling. Supposedly, when experiencing persistently bad situations that had never happened to Dorothy before such as suddenly being stranded in another world and seeing a witch being killed right in front of her makes Dorothy have bad feelings and thoughts about those around her but in reality, she does not have a bad feeling like being suspicious.
One day, the little old woman started to advise Dorothy to go see Oz so she could help her to get back to where she came from. After that, the little old woman kissed Dorothy on the forehead so no one would hurt her. Then, when Dorothy passed a house and people came out to see Dorothy and bow to Dorothy for killing an evil witch even if indirectly. These two incidents made Dorothy unwary by being suspicious of those around her because she feels she has a shield because of the kiss and people seemed to thank her. Therefore, this euphoric feeling leaves her completely devoid of any feelings of suspicion. However, even though Dorothy has been described directly in the novel about her innocent nature and there is evidence attached, the study found a discrepancy. This is because Dorothy has bad thoughts before with the proof being that she said that all Witches were evil. In fact, only two out of four witches are evil, namely witches who live in the East and West.
Then, people who see Dorothy's presence greet her and invite her to dinner. Then, Dorothy sits on the sofa and watches the people dance. The movements of Dorothy, who sits down immediately after eating and seeing people dancing, indicate that she is comfortable and not in a hurry to get out of the place. After Dorothy is tired of watching the dancing, Boq gives Dorothy a room with a beautiful bed. Dorothy sleeps soundly until morning. This again shows that she does not feel negative feelings towards the stranger she just has met. This is proof that Dorothy is an innocent person.
Then, Dorothy has an inoffensive nature and never kills anything. "Dorothy was an innocent, harmless little girl, who had been carried by a cyclone many miles from home; and she had never killed anything in all her life" (Baum, 1900, p. 14). When Dorothy reaches an unfamiliar place, a little old woman comes up to her and thanks Dorothy for "killing" the Wicked Witch of the East. Dorothy who hears the woman's words has wondered and denied it. Dorothy feels that she has never killed in her entire life. The old woman who hears the denial from Dorothy replies that it is Dorothy's house that has killed her and she thinks it is the same.
Next, after the woman has answered Dorothy's house, she points to a corner of the house so Dorothy could know if there are two legs sticking out from under the log. Dorothy, who sees the direction in which the woman is pointing, immediately screams in terror, clasps her hands in dismay, and asked what they could do. Dorothy's three actions show that she has a soft heart and cannot bear the condition of the Wicked Witch of the East. Dorothy's gentle and impetuous heart shows that she is inoffensive and does not want to hurt anyone or even kill. If Dorothy has an unkind trait or a dark side, she would not feel fear but joy when an individual suffers or dies. According to Aurelia (2019), every human being must have a dark side to himself. One of the dark sides is happy to see living beings in distress. Then, Dorothy, who is previously an innocent, inoffensive, and never killing anything girl, slowly develops.

Description of Scarecrow's Character
The Scarecrow in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is described as a small sack of stuff with straw, with eyes, nose, and mouth painted on it to represent a face. An old pointed blue hat and a blue suit of clothes, worn and faded, which have also been stuffed with straw. Scarecrow has low self-esteem towards his abilities. He thinks that he has no brain and that also makes him unhappy and not feel confident. The beginning of this low self-esteem begins when an old crow carefully perches on his shoulder. When the crows see that the old crow is not injured by the Scarecrow it makes the other crows dare to approach the Scarecrow and eat the corn around the Scarecrow. Scarecrow feels sad because it makes him feel like he is not such a good Scarecrow after all. An old crow who had previously come to him finally comforts Scarecrow and advises him that if Scarecrow has a brain, he would be better than others because the brain is a precious thing. Therefore, the Scarecrow wants to meet with Oz in order to get the brain.

Description of Tin Woodman's Character
In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Tin Woodman is actually depicted as a male human. He loves a Munchkin girl. However, he is avoided by people around him, especially by an old woman who lives with the girl. The old woman does not approve of their relationship because the old woman is lazy while the girl is diligent. Therefore, the woman asks a witch from the East to be able to separate Tin Woodman from the girl he loved. The wizard agrees and conjures the axe that Tin Woodman is wearing slipped and always hit Tin Woodman's body parts one after another. After that, Tin Woodman's bodies one by one turned into a tin. Tin Woodman then asks the tinsmith for help. Tin Woodman becomes sad and it makes him feel that he does not have a "heart" in his body. This makes him want to meet Oz to be able to give him a heart after Tin Woodman meets Dorothy and Scarecrow.

Description of Lion's Character
The Lion in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is described as a Lion that has a body the size of a small horse. The Lion is a coward. For example, when he meets a man, the Lion just roars. Not only that, when the elephant or tiger tries to fight the Lion, the Lion just roars and lets them all go. What is more, whenever the Lion faces danger, his heart would start beating fast. Therefore, to cure his cowardice, Lion needs "courage" and he hopes Oz could give him that.

Developments of Characters
There are three developments of characters that I will analyze and explain: development from general to specific things, continuous development, and the correlation between early development and later development. I will analyze the development from general to the specific things separately to clarify the view on the development that the four main characters have experienced.

Development from general to specific things
The hallmark for general character analysis is to find something in common. In this case, it is the same goal among the characters of Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, and Lion to go to the West. This is evidenced on pages 97-99 which state that the thing they have to do now is to go to the land of the Winkies, find the evil wizard, and destroy her. If they do not do it then they will not get what they want such as courage, brain, heart, and seeing Aunt Em and Uncle Henry. On their way, they are confronted by some messengers from the Witch of the West. Therefore, they tried to kill the messengers.
Next, the hallmark for specific development is in achieving the same goal, the actions taken by the characters are different. First, Dorothy, unlike Scarecrow, and Tin Woodman, does not kill any of the messengers from the Witch of the West the way Scarecrow and Tin Woodman immediately take the initiative to kill them. The evidence is on pages 101-104 which states that Tin Woodman beheaded wolves, Scarecrow twisted the crow's neck, and Scarecrow protected his friends with his body from bees until the bees turned to Tin Woodman and made the bees lose their sting. When the three of them could not kill the messenger named the Winged Monkeys, the Winged Monkeys manage to knock Scarecrow and Tin Woodman out. Then, the Winged Monkeys take Lion and Dorothy to where the evil witch is. Dorothy is immediately ordered to clean the kitchen by the Witch of the West. When Dorothy carries out her duties, as usual, the Witch of the West who is initially interested in the silver shoes Dorothy is wearing, does her trick until she gets one shoe (p. 111). An angry Dorothy immediately called the witch evil and immediately took a bucket of water to pour on the Witch of the West. This makes the body of the Witch of the West melt and the Witch dies. Accidentally, Dorothy manages to kill the witch (pp. 112-113).
On page 102, when the Scarecrow sees the arrival of one of the Witch of the West's messengers, namely the wild crows, he immediately orders his friends to lie down next to him. The Scarecrow, who had previously thought he has no brains, unwittingly gives directions to his friends. The action taken by the Scarecrow is spontaneous because previously, on page 33, he has also faced a crowd who fearlessly took the corn that he was watching/protecting. The next step the Scarecrow took at this time is stand up, stretch out his arms to catch the heads of the crowds, and twist their necks one by one. All of the crows are dead. In addition, when the Scarecrow sees the arrival of another of the Witch of the West's messengers, namely the bees (on page 103), he immediately orders Tin Woodman to take out his straw and scatter it over Dorothy, dog (Dorothy's dog), and the Lion so that the bees cannot sting them. The action taken by the Scarecrow shows his progress that he had a good idea so he knows what to do.
On page 101, when Scarecrow and Tin Woodman hear of the wolves' arrival, Tin Woodman takes the initiative to confront the wolves and tells Scarecrow to stand behind him. In the end, Tin Woodman manages to kill the wolves by beheading them. These two actions are evidence that it is not true that Tin Woodman does not realize he actually has a heart, it is just that he can control his heart well. When he sees the wolves, Tin Woodman tells the Scarecrow to go behind him to keep him safe. Tin Woodman uses his conscience on Scarecrow for fear of Scarecrow getting hurt. Meanwhile, when Tin Woodman faced the wolves, he lost his conscience. It is evident that Tin Woodman mercilessly beheaded the wolves one by one. Not only that, pages 104 and 105 tell the story when Tin Woodman has taken out Scarecrow's straw and scatters it over Dorothy, Dorothy's dog, and the Lion, without him knowing it. Tin Woodman has managed to attract the attention of the bees. This is because the bees do not see Dorothy, Dorothy's dog, and the Lion. After the bees fly and crash their stings into the Tin Woodman, the stingers snap. This brings the bees' life to an end.
The Witch of the West orders one of her other errands to destroy Dorothy and her friends. Her messengers are a dozen of the Witch of the West's slaves, called the Winkies (p. 104). The Winkies who are not by nature brave people do as the wizard tells them to. Lion, which was originally a cowardly animal, seemed unfazed by the presence of a dozen Winkies with sharp spears. When the Winkies arrive there, Lion gives a great roar and springs toward them. The Winkies who saw it immediately got scared and tried to run as fast as they could. Next, in the end, Lion is captured by one of the Witch of the West's messengers, namely the Winged Monkeys. Lion is immediately placed in a small yard with a high iron fence around it, so that he cannot escape (p. 107).
Then, on page 109, when the Witch of the West comes to meet Lion and open the gate, Lion gives a loud roar and bounds at the Witch. This frightened the Witch of the West and made her run out to get away and close the gate. The Witch tries to negotiate with the Lion. If the Lion is willing to do what the Witch wants then the Lion will be fed. Up to this point, Lion is again showing his bold development as he dared to refuse the witch's offer so many times. He is not afraid of being bewitched by the evil sorcerer. One of the reasons why Lion refused the offer is because, without the Witch's knowledge, Dorothy is secretly feeding Lion. Therefore, there is no reason for Lion to accept the witch's offer. Then, further developmental analysis such as the development is continuous. There is always a correlation between early development and later development in Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, and Lion is explained below.

Development of Dorothy
The hallmark of development is continuous development that arises within them and occurs over and over again. The continuous character development of Dorothy is shown through her courage. When Dorothy sees the Witch of the West take her shoes, she is angry and dares to call the Witch a wicked creature as told on pages 111 and 112. This courage continues with Dorothy who immediately takes a bucket of water and pours it on the Witch's body, as told on page 112. This makes the Witch's body melt little by little until she finally dies. Dorothy's two actions show that she has developed into a person who dares to hurt other creatures, both verbally and non-verbally. Whereas previously, on page 14 it is described that Dorothy is an innocent little girl.
Then, the hallmark of consistent correlation between early development and later development is one or several parts that underlie early and later development. The correlation development of Dorothy character that occurs is due to the possessive nature of Dorothy. Dorothy, who is originally innocent, inoffensive, and never kills, becomes brave and unhesitatingly hurts when something that belongs to her is disturbed. Dorothy's trait in relation to her silver shoes is possessive. Based on Florencia (2019), possessiveness is related to a sense of ownership that makes people afraid of losing.

Development of Scarecrow
In Scarecrow's character, the continuous development is portrayed through Scarecrow's courage in voicing his ideas. First, when the Scarecrow tells his friends to lie down beside him so he could fight the crows as told on page 102. Second, when Scarecrow tells Tin Woodman to take out his straw and scatter it over his friends as told on page 103. This is done by the Scarecrow so that the bees could not see the whereabouts of Dorothy, Lion, and Toto because their bodies are safely covered by the Scarecrow's straw.
The correlation development of pressure is shown when the Scarecrow who previously feels inferior because he feels he has no brain without him realizing it, suddenly can propose an idea. This is when he and his friends are under pressure because of the danger that comes and has the potential to get them injured and killed. For example, at the arrival of crows and bees, thanks to the Scarecrow's idea, they all survived, while the crows and bees die. Scarecrow who is originally inferior because he feels he has no brains, he is able to develop by sparking good ideas and daring to also express his ideas to his friends.

Development of Tin Woodman
Continuous development is also shown by Tin Woodman. Tin Woodman can take advantage of the disadvantages he has. Before becoming Tin Woodman, he was a son of a woodman who chopped down trees in the forest. So, he is familiar with the axe and is used to carrying it. Therefore, when there are wolves, Tin Woodman immediately grabs his axe and swings it straight at the wolf's head. This makes the wolf's head cut off from its body and die (pp. 101-102). In addition, when the originally human Tin Woodman turns into "Tin", he is very sad because he becomes "heartless". However, his tin body becomes his advantage because he manages to attract the bees to him and not look for the whereabouts of Dorothy and the rest of her friends. The bees that are attracted to Tin Woodman without a second thought immediately aim their stings at Tin's body and instantly break their stings as told on pages 103-104.
Correlation development of Tin Woodman is that he kills the enemy. Tin Woodman who previously did things carefully so as not to hurt other creatures, consciously and unknowingly killed other creatures. First, when Tin Woodman and Scarecrow hear of the wolves' arrival. The wolves come while Dorothy, Toto, and Lion are sleeping, while only Tin Woodman and Scarecrow are awake. In these tense conditions, Tin Woodman takes the initiative to fight the wolves alone and in the end, the wolves die because of the axe he swings (pp. 101-102). In addition, when the bees do not see Dorothy, Toto, and Lion because they are covered by straw, they immediately turn their eyes and come to Tin Woodman. This makes the bees die because their stings are broken when they hit Tin's hard body (pp. 103-104).

Development of Lion
Meanwhile, the continuous development of Lion is shown through his courage in roaring at his opponent so that both the Winkies and Western Witches are afraid and run away from him. First, on page 104, when Lion sees the arrival of a dozen winkies carrying sharp spears, he immediately gives a great roar without hesitation. Lion's development from being cowardly to daring to oppose other creatures by giving roars continues on page 109 when Lion sees the arrival of the Evil wizard.
The development of correlation in the Lion is indicated by the feeling of being threatened. When he saw Winkies coming with sharp spears at Dorothy, the Lion who saw it must have felt the lives of him and his friends were threatened. Without him thinking about fear or his heart that might be beating fast, Lion immediately gives a big roar to the Winkies. Fortunately, the Winkies immediately ran away from the Lions (on page 104). Then, when Lion sees the Witch of the West known for her evil nature come to him and open the gate that separated him from the Witch, Lion again showed his courageous development by directly giving this Witch a loud roar without even thinking that the Witch might bewitch her. Lion is also lucky again because the magician immediately feels scared and runs away when she hears a loud roar from the Lion (on page 109).

Conclusion
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a fantasy because it is unreal and has a show of power. Then, based on the analysis of the character development of the main character in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, it is concluded that the characteristics of character development from general to specific occur in the characters of Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, and Lion. Then, the characteristics of continuous character development occur in the characters of Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, and Lion. Furthermore, the character development characteristics show consistent correlation between early development and later development also occur in the characters of Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, and Lion. From the study, it is proven that the characters Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, and Lion really meet the criteria for fantasy works from the perspective of their characters. However, there is a part that actually appears but is not analyzed. For example, the Tin Woodman's character development tends to learn from mistakes he has experienced which may not be caused by the characteristics according to Jahja (2011) but maybe other characteristics. This makes it impossible to analyze because the other characteristics do not belong to the theory that was study. Therefore, this becomes a suggestion later if the theory needs to be developed and other theories need to be found to support the facts.